"Disease surveillance systems provide early warnings of disease outbreaks before they escalate into public health emergencies. However, most surveillance frameworks envision disease detection as a static problem based on a threshold condition, often overlooking the interdependence between epidemiological surveillance, disease dynamics, and intervention strategies. Pandemics pose complex challenges in which epidemiological surveillance is essential but may not be sufficient to achieve containment. Waning immunity and the importation or emergence of novel variants (which reshape the population’s immunity landscape) are key obstacles in controlling viral spread. Understanding the genomic composition of ongoing outbreaks is critical for characterizing disease dynamics, elucidating epidemiological outcomes, and informing potential intervention strategies.

In this talk, we introduce a multi-theory modeling framework that integrates genomic surveillance, multi-variant dynamics and intervention strategies to inform a realistic operational course of action based on testing, analysis, and response. We will discuss the effects of the competing dynamics among variants on both the novel variants’ detection time and the effectiveness of different intervention scenarios during a pandemic progression.

We found that (i) the novel variant’s detection conditions are determined by the competitive dominance, which is modulated by the population’s susceptibility; (ii) different intervention scenarios yield better outcomes depending on the target metric; and (iii) the characteristics of the transmission process inherently limit detection and the impact of intervention strategies. This is joint work with the Virginia Department of Health, Princeton University, Indian Institute of Science, and Indian Statistical Institute."

As the search for a cure for chronic hepatitis B virus infection continues, pharmaceutical companies have developed antivirals that target different stages of the intracellular life cycle of the virus. Earlier developed drugs such as pegylated interferon and nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) have shown effective viral suppression during treatment in individuals with chronic HBV infection. However, the NAs may need to be taken indefinitely to maintain viral suppression, and pegylated interferon has side effects that limit its use. The development of a new class of drugs, called capsid assembly modulators (CAMs), has created renewed hope for finding a functional cure for chronic HBV infection.  We developed a multiscale mathematical model of chronic HBV infection that incorporates steps in the intracellular life cycle and extracellular kinetics of the virus.  We fit our model to the longitudinal HBV RNA, HBV DNA, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) measurements from 27 individuals with chronic HBV infection treated with a first-generation CAM, vebicorvir for 28 days. From this, we estimated the effectiveness of vebicorvir in preventing the production of encapsidation pgRNA. We also used our model to identify the biological mechanisms contributing to the different phases of viral decline observed during therapy. Our model provides a quantitative framework for studying the intracellular and extracellular kinetics of chronic HBV infection and a conceptual framework for estimating the in vivo effectiveness of drugs that target different aspects of the intracellular life cycle of the virus.

Thoracoabdominal asynchrony (TAA), the asynchronous volume changes between the rib cage and abdomen during breathing, is associated with respiratory distress, progressive lung volume loss, and chronic lung disease in the newborn infant. Preterm infants are prone to TAA risk factors such as weak intercostal muscles, surfactant deficiency, and a flaccid chest wall. The causes of TAA in this fragile population are not fully understood and, to date, the assessment of TAA has not included a mechanistic modeling framework to explore the role these risk factors play in breathing dynamics and how TAA can be resolved. We present a dynamic compartmental model (“TAA” model) of pulmonary mechanics that simulates TAA in the preterm infant under various adverse clinical conditions, including high chest wall compliance, applied inspiratory resistive loads, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, anesthesia-induced intercostal muscle deactivation, weakened costal diaphragm, impaired lung compliance, and upper airway obstruction. An additional model with a single chest wall compartment was constructed separately to observe effects of ventilatory support measures on airflow and pleural pressure model outputs under surfactant-treated and deficient lung scenarios. Sensitivity analyses of both models screened and ranked model parameter influence on TAA and respiratory volume outputs, showing that risk factors are additive such that maximal TAA occurs in a virtual preterm infant with multiple adverse conditions. Simulated indices of TAA are consistent with published experimental studies and clinically observed pathophysiology, motivating further investigation into the use of computational modeling for assessing and managing TAA.

Individual movements play a central role in disease ecology, where contact and transmission are necessary components of disease spread within populations and across landscapes. Here, I describe a model called movement-driven modeling of spatio-temporal infection risk (MoveSTIR) that formally links empirical movement data with epidemiological theory, enabling data-driven modeling and novel theoretical exploration of infection dynamics on real-world landscapes. First, I describe the mathematical theory behind MoveSTIR that reconceptualizes “contact” and links direct and indirect transmission between hosts along a continuum. Applying MoveSTIR to empirically observed movement data, I show that fine-scale movements can matter greatly for transmission, increasing the explosiveness of pathogen spread within populations. Second, I extend MoveSTIR and show how it directly quantifies the contributions of spatial and social drivers to transmission risk. Using analytical results and simulations, I show that even weak social interactions can drastically change transmission dynamics for short-lived pathogens. Finally, I use MoveSTIR and two years of disease surveillance and movement data from a white-tailed deer population to show that space use and social interactions among white-tailed deer on a real landscape make it nearly impossible for them to act as a long-term reservoir host for the viral pathogen SARS-CoV-2.

Heterogeneity in malaria transmission is a critical factor that influences the effectiveness of control strategies and the dynamics of disease spread. In this talk, I will address several key sources of heterogeneity in malaria models, including spatial, temporal, and age-related variations, particularly in light of the recent approval of the RTS,S malaria vaccine.

I will present two models: the first is an age-structured PDE malaria (P. falciparum) model that couples vector-host epidemiological dynamics with immunity dynamics. This model tracks the acquisition and loss of anti-disease immunity over time and examines its nonlinear feedback on transmission parameters. Motivated by the newly approved RTS,S vaccine, the model also investigates the impact of vaccination, revealing a reduction in severe disease among young children but a slight increase in severe malaria among older children due to delayed exposure and lower acquired immunity.

The second model addresses genetic heterogeneity in susceptibility to Plasmodium vivax malaria. It explores the role of the Duffy-negative genotype in modifying transmission dynamics, using a seasonal framework to track genotype changes and derive the basic reproduction number, $R_0$. Calibrated with data from the Amazonas region in Brazil, this model identifies the critical proportion of Duffy-negative individuals required to protect the population without additional interventions. It also assesses how different Duffy-negative proportions influence monthly P. vivax incidence, providing insights into the interaction between genetic resistance and malaria burden.
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This work presents mathematical modeling approaches to two age-related chronic conditions, obesity-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and senescence-induced osteoporosis, highlighting how physiological changes affect disease progression and treatment efficacy. The first study addresses obesity-induced T2DM by expanding on the traditional glucose-insulin regulatory model, integrating a detailed mechanism of glucose transport between the blood and liver. This approach improves accuracy in modeling blood glucose levels and evaluating anti-diabetic therapies, especially those that also target weight reduction. The second study investigates osteoporosis, a condition marked by bone density loss due to cellular senescence. Using a mathematical model, the authors assess how the proliferation rate of senescent cells contributes to osteoporosis, quantifying bone density loss over age 50-100 and evaluating the impact of senolytic drugs like fisetin and hormonal therapies. Both models underscore the role of underlying physiological mechanisms in disease and provide a basis for exploring treatment efficacy in T2DM and osteoporosis.

This research aims to develop a novel approach to quantify endosomal escape after delivering siRNAs into ovarian cancer cells using fusogenic peptides. The peptides protect siRNAs from degradation within endosomes by facilitating their transfer into the cytosol. From a mathematical and computational perspective, the focus is on creating and optimizing statistical models to accurately measure the success of siRNA endosomal escape. Additionally, machine learning models are applied to predict experimental conditions, enhancing the future effectiveness of siRNA delivery methods in cancer treatment.

Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites that are transmitted to humans by Anopheles mosquitoes. Currently, over half of the world’s population is at risk of malaria, although progress towards local eradication is being made in some parts of the world. Malaria infection is known to influence levels of biogenic amines in human blood. Specifically, individuals with severe malaria may exhibit increased concentrations of histamine and decreased concentrations of serotonin. The altered amine levels also impact the biology and behavior of Anopheles mosquitoes that ingest them in bloodmeals, but it remains to be seen what role these changes have on mosquito population dynamics and malaria transmission. We developed a stage-structured discrete time mathematical model of mosquito population dynamics coupled with population-level malaria transmission dynamics to investigate how these altered amine levels may play a role in the malaria transmission cycle. We incorporated demographic, behavioral, and parasite reproduction data into the model and explored scenarios that consider the effects of different possible concentrations of histamine and serotonin in bloodmeals on mosquito population size and malaria incidence and prevalence. We explore different possible extensions of the model and discuss our findings in the context of malaria control as well as ongoing and future experimental work.